"Discrepant hardenings" in cosmic ray spectra: a first estimate of the effects on secondary antiproton and diffuse gamma-ray yields

Recent data from CREAM seem to confirm early suggestions that primary cosmic ray (CR) spectra at few TeV/nucleon are harder than in the 10-100 GeV range. Also, helium and heavier nuclei spectra appear systematically harder than the proton fluxes at corresponding energies. We note here that if the measurements reflect intrinsic features in the interstellar fluxes (as opposed to local effects) appreciable modifications are expected in the sub-TeV range for the secondary yields, such as antiprotons and diffuse gamma-rays. Presently, the ignorance on the origin of the features represents a systematic error in the extraction of astrophysical parameters as well as for background estimates for indirect dark matter searches. We find that the spectral modifications are appreciable above 100 GeV, and can be responsible for ~30% effects for antiprotons at energies close to 1 TeV or for gamma's at energies close to 300 GeV, compared to currently considered predictions based on simple extrapolation of input fluxes from low energy data. Alternatively, if the feature originates from local sources, uncorrelated spectral changes might show up in antiproton and high-energy gamma-rays, with the latter ones likely dependent from the line-of-sight.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures. Clarifications and references added, conclusions unchanged. Matches published versio

Central extensions of mapping class groups from characteristic classes

Tangential structures on smooth manifolds, and the extension of mapping class groups they induce, admit a natural formulation in terms of higher (stacky) differential geometry. This is the literal translation of a classical construction in differential topology to a sophisticated language, but it has the advantage of emphasizing how the whole construction naturally emerges from the basic idea of working in slice categories. We characterize, for every higher smooth stack equipped with tangential structure, the induced higher group extension of the geometric realization of its higher automor- phism stack. We show that when restricted to smooth manifolds equipped with higher degree topological structures, this produces higher extensions of homotopy types of diffeomorphism groups. Passing to the groups of connected components, we obtain abelian extensions of mapping class groups and we derive sufficient conditions for these being central. We show as a special case that this provides an elegant re-construction of Segal’s approach to $\mathbb{Z}$ -extensions of mapping class groups of surfaces that provides the anomaly cancellation of the modular functor in Chern-Simons theory. Our construction generalizes Segal’s approach to higher central extensions of mapping class groups of higher dimensional manifolds with higher tangential structures, expected to provide the analogous anomaly cancellation for higher dimensional TQFTs

Idiosyncrasy of the State and God: An Analysis on Religiosity and Ideology in Latin America

In this research paper, I will be analyzing the relationship between the religiosity of Latin America in terms of popular religion and religiosity of its followers, and how it has impacted and continues to impact the political systems of Latin America in terms of ideology. I will be conducting this research by conducting three case studies following the development of my hypothesis, my research of my case nations and the collecting of all needed data. After this, I will compare all my data and establish a well-developed conclusion which accurately conveys and demonstrates this data. My research will focus on answering this research question: How has religiosity impacted voting results for political parties of certain ideologies in Latin America? I am researching this subject to understand the intense and rapid political evolution of Latin America, in the context of religion and religiosity. To understand this change in the past century-and consequently be able to predict future development of ideology in Latin America- we need to understand the cultural change of Latin America and the cultural factors which impact ideology. I had two main hypotheses regarding my research- firstly, that an increase in Religiosity has led to an increase in votes for Revolutionary/Leftist parties in Latin America, and secondly that votes in elections in the 20th Century had a reactionary lean, but has since developed a revolutionary lean in the 21st Century. My research invalidated my first hypothesis and somewhat validated my second hypothesis, as there was very little correlation for support for leftist parties and religiosity. However, religiosity eventually did move from reactionary ideology closer to the center, and in some cases the center-left somewhat validating my second hypothesis that religiosity has gradually moved further left, albeit not as far left as predicted

Endpoint estimates and weighted norm inequalities for commutators of fractional integrals

We prove that the commutator [b, Iα], b ∈ BMO, Iα the fractional integral operator, satisfies the sharp, modular weak-type inequality f(x) tdx, where B(t) = tlog(e + t) and Ψ(t)=[tlog(e + tα/n)]n/(n−α). These commutators were first considered by Chanillo, and our result complements his. The heart of our proof consists of the pointwise inequality, M#([b, Iα]f)(x) ≤ CbBMO [Iαf(x) + Mα,Bf(x)], where M# is the sharp maximal operator, and Mα,B is a generalization of the fractional maximal operator in the scale of Orlicz spaces. Using this inequality we also prove one-weight inequalities for the commutator; to do so we prove one and two-weight norm inequalities for Mα,B which are of interest in their own right.[b, Iα]f(x

L∞L_\infty-Algebras of Classical Field Theories and the Batalin-Vilkovisky Formalism

We review in detail the Batalin-Vilkovisky formalism for Lagrangian field theories and its mathematical foundations with an emphasis on higher algebraic structures and classical field theories. In particular, we show how a field theory gives rise to an $L_\infty$-algebra and how quasi-isomorphisms between $L_\infty$-algebras correspond to classical equivalences of field theories. A few experts may be familiar with parts of our discussion, however, the material is presented from the perspective of a very general notion of a gauge theory. We also make a number of new observations and present some new results. Most importantly, we discuss in great detail higher (categorified) Chern-Simons theories and give some useful shortcuts in usually rather involved computations.Comment: v3: 131 pages, minor improvements, published versio

Hospital monitoring, setting and training for home non invasive ventilation.

Although in recent years guidelines have been published in order to define indications, applications and delivery of long-term home non invasive mechanical ventilation (HNMV), there is lack of information with regards to in-hospital assessment, planning and training to initiate and prescribe it. Discontinuation and lack of compliance versus HNMV may affect the follow-up of these patients adding a costly burden for care. The present review proposes an operative flow chart for optimisation of HNMV prescription from initial patient's selection to post discharge follow up including; 1. assessment of the correct choice of ventilator, interfaces, ventilation setting. 2. Timing for different physiological monitoring (arterial gases, mechanics, sleep) 3. Timing for clinical evaluation, machine adaptation, carer training and long term follow-up

Weighted endpoint estimates for commutators of fractional integrals

summary:Given $\alpha$, $0<\alpha <n$, and $b\in {\mathrm BMO}$, we give sufficient conditions on weights for the commutator of the fractional integral operator, $[b,I_\alpha ]$, to satisfy weighted endpoint inequalities on $\mathbb{R}^n$ and on bounded domains. These results extend our earlier work [3], where we considered unweighted inequalities on $\mathbb{R}^n$

Kodaira-Spencer formality of products of complex manifolds

We shall say that a complex manifold $X$ is emph{Kodaira-Spencer formal} if its Kodaira-Spencer differential graded Lie algebra $A^{0,*}_X(Theta_X)$ is formal; if this happen, then the deformation theory of $X$ is completely determined by the graded Lie algebra $H^*(X,Theta_X)$ and the base space of the semiuniversal deformation is a quadratic singularity.. Determine when a complex manifold is Kodaira-Spencer formal is generally difficult and we actually know only a limited class of cases where this happen. Among such examples we have Riemann surfaces, projective spaces, holomorphic Poisson manifolds with surjective anchor map $H^*(X,Omega^1_X) o H^*(X,Theta_X)$ and every compact K"{a}hler manifold with trivial or torsion canonical bundle. In this short note we investigate the behavior of this property under finite products. Let $X,Y$ be compact complex manifolds; we prove that whenever $X$ and $Y$ are K"{a}hler, then $X imes Y$ is Kodaira-Spencer formal if and only if the same holds for $X$ and $Y$. A revisit of a classical example by Douady shows that the above result fails if the K"{a}hler assumption is droppe

Sums over Graphs and Integration over Discrete Groupoids

We show that sums over graphs such as appear in the theory of Feynman diagrams can be seen as integrals over discrete groupoids. From this point of view, basic combinatorial formulas of the theory of Feynman diagrams can be interpreted as pull-back or push-forward formulas for integrals over suitable groupoids.Comment: 27 pages, 4 eps figures; LaTeX2e; uses Xy-Pic. Some ambiguities fixed, and several proofs simplifie

Almost formality of manifolds of low dimension

In this paper we introduce the notion of Poincaré DGCAs of Hodge type, which is a subclass of Poincaré DGCAs encompassing the de Rham algebras of closed orientable manifolds. Then we introduce the notion of the small algebra and the small quotient algebra of a Poincaré DGCA of Hodge type. Using these concepts, we investigate the equivalence class of (r-1)-connected (r &gt; 1) Poincaré DGCAs of Hodge type. In particular, we show that an (r-1)-connected Poincar ́e DGCA of Hodge type A* of dimension n &lt;= 5r - 3 is A-infinity-quasi-isomorphic to an A_3-algebra and prove that the only obstruction to the formality of A* is a distinguished Harrison cohomology class [μ3] in Harr^3-1(H*(A*), H*(A*)). Moreover, the cohomology class [μ3] and the DGCA isomorphism class of H*(A*) determine the A-infinity-quasi-isomorphism class of A*. This can be seen as a Harrison cohomology version of the Crowley- Nordstrom results on rational homotopy type of (r - 1)-connected (r &gt; 1) closed manifolds of dimension up to 5r -3. We also derive the almost formality of closed G2 -manifolds, which have been discovered recently by Chan-Karigiannis- Tsang, from our results and the Cheeger-Gromoll splitting theorem